Science Island
Location: Kaunas, Lithuania
Client: Kaunas Municipality
Date: 2016 Competition
Area: Building: 9.625m2 – Landscape 10.935m2
Budget: 25mil
Team credits:
AZPML Alejandro Zaera-Polo, Maider Llaguno-Munitxa, Ivaylo Nachev, Paolo Toldo, Amaya Luzarraga, Sami Yakhlef, Diego Grisalena, Irene Abellan
Renders: SBDA
In-play sports wagering, also known as live betting, has shifted from a niche feature to one of the most significant revenue drivers in the global sports betting industry. What began as a limited offering in the early 2000s — primarily covering major football matches in European markets — has expanded into a real-time, data-intensive experience covering hundreds of sports, leagues, and individual game events. Understanding the pace and nature of this growth requires more than casual observation; it demands structured tracking of market behavior, regulatory shifts, and user engagement patterns. Platforms and analysts that monitor these trends provide the industry with a clearer picture of where live wagering stands and where it is heading.
Live betting was commercially introduced by Betfair and a handful of European bookmakers around 2002 and 2003, initially allowing wagers on match outcomes at adjusted odds during the event. Adoption was slow for nearly a decade, constrained by bandwidth limitations, manual odds compilation, and regulatory uncertainty in many jurisdictions. The landscape changed substantially between 2012 and 2018, when mobile internet penetration accelerated globally and automated pricing engines became standard infrastructure for major operators.
By 2020, industry research from H2 Gambling Capital estimated that in-play betting accounted for approximately 70 to 75 percent of total sports wagering gross gaming revenue in regulated European markets. In the United States, the trajectory has been steeper and more compressed. Following the Supreme Court’s 2018 ruling in Murphy v. National Collegiate Athletic Association, which effectively struck down the Professional and Amateur Sports Protection Act of 1992, individual states gained the authority to legalize sports betting. States like New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Illinois moved quickly, and within their frameworks, live betting options expanded rapidly. By 2023, live wagering represented a growing share of handle in most active U.S. markets, with operators reporting that in-play products generate higher margins per dollar wagered compared to pre-match equivalents.
The mechanics driving this growth are tied to user psychology as much as technology. Live betting keeps bettors engaged throughout an event rather than locking in a single pre-match position. Operators have responded by expanding the range of in-play markets — from simple match-winner bets to granular proposition wagers on the next point, next foul, next drive outcome, or next substitution. This expansion of micro-markets has been enabled by real-time data feeds from companies such as Sportradar and Stats Perform, which supply odds compilers and automated systems with event data at latencies often below one second.
Tracking the growth of in-play wagering requires aggregating information from multiple sources: operator disclosures, regulatory filings, consumer behavior surveys, and technology adoption reports. Betzonic has developed an approach to this monitoring that focuses on market-level data rather than individual operator performance, making it possible to identify structural trends rather than company-specific anomalies. This includes reviewing quarterly reports from publicly listed operators such as Flutter Entertainment, Entain, and DraftKings, which routinely break down their revenue by product type and geography.
One of the more revealing data points that analysts at Betzonic.com track is the ratio of in-play handle to total sports betting handle across different regulatory environments. This ratio tends to be higher in mature European markets with long-standing live betting infrastructure and lower in newly regulated U.S. states where operators are still building out their live product offerings. Monitoring this ratio over time provides a proxy for market maturity and consumer sophistication — jurisdictions where live betting share is rising year-over-year signal that users are becoming more comfortable with the format and that operators are successfully expanding their in-play catalogs.
Regulatory filings are a particularly underutilized source of live betting data. In states like New Jersey, the Division of Gaming Enforcement publishes monthly sports wagering reports that include breakdowns of handle and revenue by sport and, in some cases, by bet type. Pennsylvania’s Gaming Control Board provides similar disclosures. Betzonic cross-references these filings against operator announcements and technology partnerships to build a composite view of how in-play betting is evolving within specific regulatory frameworks. For example, when a state regulator updates its technical standards to require faster data verification for live wagers, this often precedes a measurable increase in live betting volume as operators gain confidence in their compliance posture.
The operational backbone of in-play betting is fundamentally different from pre-match wagering. Pre-match odds can be compiled hours or days in advance, allowing for manual review and adjustment. Live betting requires automated pricing systems capable of recalculating odds within milliseconds in response to game events, while simultaneously managing liability exposure across potentially thousands of concurrent bets. This infrastructure investment has historically been a barrier to entry for smaller operators, but cloud-based trading platforms offered by companies like SBTech (now part of Golden Nugget Online Gaming’s technology stack) and Kambi Group have democratized access to live betting capabilities.
Latency management is a persistent technical challenge. Broadcasters typically introduce a delay of three to seven seconds between live event action and the stream viewers see on television or streaming services. This gap creates an arbitrage opportunity for bettors who attend events in person or access faster data feeds, a phenomenon the industry refers to as “courtsiding.” Operators address this through a combination of automated bet acceptance rules — which may delay or reject wagers placed immediately after a significant event — and proprietary data partnerships that give them access to faster feeds than those available to retail bettors. Sportradar’s Live Data product, for instance, delivers event data through direct stadium integrations and officiating partnerships that reduce latency to under one second for participating sports.
Artificial intelligence and machine learning have also become central to live betting operations. Modern trading systems use predictive models trained on historical event data to anticipate how odds should shift before official data confirming an event is received. These models account for variables such as possession statistics, player fatigue indicators, weather conditions, and historical performance patterns. The sophistication of these models has increased substantially since 2018, driven partly by competition among data providers and partly by the entry of technology-first operators into markets previously dominated by traditional bookmakers.
The rapid growth of in-play betting has attracted regulatory attention in multiple jurisdictions, primarily because the format’s pace and immersive nature raise distinct responsible gambling concerns. Unlike pre-match betting, where a bettor places a wager and waits, live betting creates a continuous loop of decision-making opportunities that can accelerate problematic gambling behavior. The UK Gambling Commission has acknowledged this in its review of the Gambling Act 2005, with ongoing consultations examining whether additional friction measures — such as mandatory bet confirmation delays or limits on the frequency of in-play wagers — should be introduced.
In Australia, the Interactive Gambling Act prohibits in-play betting on sports events through online channels, a restriction that has been in place since 2001 and was reinforced by amendments in 2017. This regulatory stance has made Australia an outlier among major English-speaking markets and has pushed some demand toward offshore platforms. The Australian Communications and Media Authority has pursued enforcement actions against unlicensed offshore operators offering live betting to Australian residents, though the effectiveness of these measures in reducing access has been limited.
European regulators have taken a more permissive but increasingly structured approach. Italy’s Agenzia delle Dogane e dei Monopoli requires licensed operators to implement specific responsible gambling tools for live betting products, including session time reminders and the ability to set per-event wagering limits. Spain’s Dirección General de Ordenación del Juego has similarly expanded its technical requirements for live betting platforms in recent years. These regulatory developments are material to market tracking because they affect both the cost structure of operating live betting products and the competitive dynamics between licensed and unlicensed operators in each jurisdiction.
The trajectory of in-play sports wagering reflects a broader transformation in how consumers engage with sports and how operators design their products. The shift from a pre-match-dominant model to one where live betting generates the majority of revenue in mature markets has occurred over roughly two decades, driven by mobile technology, data infrastructure investment, and evolving regulatory frameworks. Continued monitoring of handle ratios, regulatory filings, technology partnerships, and responsible gambling policy developments will remain essential for anyone seeking to understand where this segment of the industry is heading — and how quickly it is likely to get there.
The building is located in a park, and takes advantage of the natural slope of the park to maximize accessibility and visual interaction between the building and its surrounding landscape.
The building aims to become integrated with the topography – a common trait of Kaunas traditional buildings – making the building´s roof into a public belvedere over the city.
The extensive green roof, 81 x 81m, will become a very important landmark for the city, by becoming a distinctive topographical device, and will become a beloved enclave for Kaunas´s citizens. The gently sloped roof will create a theatrical open space suitable to host public events, or simply to enable people to look at Kaunas from a vantage point. Covered with a green roof, it will enable Kaunas´s citizens to enjoy a very pleasant environment. The vertical enclosures are transparent to give people a glimpse of what is on offer in the Centre, creating a feeling of openness for those accessing the site from the city centre. The building will appear as a huge canopy under which the Museum treasures are contained within a magically warping Pandora box. Wood, Glass and vegetation will constitute the noble material palette of the building.
We have adopted a very compact footprint, a square, in order to optimize the environmental performance of the building, trying to minimize the envelope ratio. The building has been placed in parallel to the parking platform for the arena, ensuring that one of its corners points toward the Mickevičiaus bridge, as the main entrance point to the Island.
We have avoided the customary palette of artificial materials in science centres to embrace more earthy and organically textured materials: We aimed to provide a more natural atmosphere as the stage of the public’s interaction with Science: science and nature are increasingly entangled in the Anthropocene. We have used timber as the primary building material for the building, both for aesthetic and ecological reasons. A series of timber V-columns have been located along the 4 facades, to provide cross-bracing to the structure, while enhancing the lightness of the large roof, which is proposed to be built with a Cross-laminated Timber Gridshell, which will be a dominant pattern across the Galleries, connecting them architecturally. The other factor of consistency across the rooms if the floors, proposed in oak. Our emphasis in the use of timber is a reference to the traditional buildings in Kaunas, where there is an important tradition of wooden construction which we are aiming to recall.